There have been some studies about Filipino resiliency and coping strategies amidst disasters however, the literature on the resiliency of Filipino children during the disaster and its psychological effect remains underexplored. Despite this yearly occurrence, Filipinos, including children, remain resilient as they encounter such adversities. It is visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year, which leave trails of devastation. The Philippines' geographical location is along the typhoon belt. Additionally, results of the study can be a basis for proper cultural representation for Filipino culture globally and utilized to design more culturally sensitive psychosocial interventions. The results of the study can be a basis for research aimed to expound the concept of utang na loob. This is in the light of an individual's relational will towards their kapwa. The nature of utang na loob is rooted in mabuting kalooban (good will).
These coincide with the literature of utang na loob rooted in the kapwa model-the core concept of Filipino psychology.
The 15-Item scale measured three (3) factors, specifically, (1) Good Will (motivation), (2) Acknowledgement (benefactor), and (3) Social Responsibility (benefactor). The results of the study generated a 15-Item scale with a sampling adequacy of KMO = 0.903, determinant = 0.011, and sphericity of χ = 1787.41, p < 0.05, which made it eligible for analysis. The scale was subjected to factor analysis. The study is a quantitative research that utilized a 60-Item instrument using a 5 point Likert scale. The participants were gathered through convenience and snowball sampling which generated a sample size of N = 400 valid responses. The majority participants in this study were female (79.25%), are in college level (42.25%), and mostly from Visayas (81%). Utang na loob orientation pertains to an individual's tendency to promote the interpersonal and social norm of utang na loob. Furthermore, the results of the study further elaborate and nuance kapwa, which adds to theorizing in Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP).The study aimed to generate an instrument that measures utang na loob orientation. Implications on Filipino social perception and behaviors highlight that we view our social others in terms of the aforementioned three dimensions and how differentially we might treat them depending on whether they are perceived as kapwa or di-kapwa.
Initial reliability and validity tests were favorable. The second phase utilized this data to develop a kapwa measure which was found to have three (3) dimensions: Relations with the Social Other, Perceived Negative Characteristics, and Difference from the Self. Results from this phase elicited four (4) themes indicating that people viewed their social other in terms of dispositional attribution, level of interaction, connection, and inclusion. The first phase aimed to uncover construct characteristics by asking participants to provide definitions and examples of kapwa and di-kapwa, which were then examined via content analysis and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program. This two-phased study aims to address the issues presented through a psychometric approach. However, issues arose regarding its conceptual and operational clarity as well as lack of empirical support. Enriquez (1978) presented Kapwa as a core social psychological construct that could underpin Filipino social perception and interaction.
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